2023 年 4 月高等教育 自学考试

英语阅读 (二)试 题课程代码：00596

1. 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂 、写在答题纸上。2. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名 、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。选择题部分注意事项：每小题选出答案后，用 2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑 。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。I. ReadingComprehension. (40 points, 2points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four passages. Following each passage, therearejive questions with four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choosethebestanswerandthenwritethecorrespondingletteronyour AnswerSheet.PassageOneInsteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomicmodel“products”-olderpersonsmaycontributea“ product” thathasvaluetosociety,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfortheoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverolemodel.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomicbenefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy"s gross national product. And they have notbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthe past several decades, most industrialized countries haveexperiencedasubstantialdropintheaverageageatwhichinpidualsretirefromthe.labourmarket.Longerlifeexpectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.Asaconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcerns about the viability of social security systems . A keychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatetheeffectsofadropintheworkingage00596# 英语阅读(二 )试题 第 1页(共14 页)

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populationbyincreasingandprolongingtheparticipationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasiccomponentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesistoprovideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.But today more than half the world "s population is excluded from any type ofsocialsecurityprotection.Inmostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent—andsometimesasfewas5percent—ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequatehealthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikelytohaveverylowornoincomeinoldageForolderpersons,themainexpendituretendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninanysociety,andastheglobalpopulationages, it is essential that health services adapt to new demands. Even in countrieswherethefamilytakesontheresponsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrendssuggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves, asyoungerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing sector of the population that will certainly require care is theoldestold,those80 years of age or older. Some have developed strategies forcaringfor themselves and for each other, and are thus able to receive and givecareandsupporttoremainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageoftheoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyindevelopingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.Questions1-5 are based on Passage One1.AccordingtoParagraph1,olderpersonsA.serveasrolemodelsfortheirgrandchildrenonlyB.usuallyuserawmaterialstoproducegoodsforthemarketC.makecontributionstoaneconomy"sgrossnationalproductD.havevalueswhichareneglectedbythesocietytosomeextent2.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph2?A.Longerlifeexpectancymeanslongerworkinglives.B.Olderpeoplearewillingtoprolongtheirworkinglives.C.Peopleretirefromthelabormarketmuchearlierthantheyusedto.D.Olderpeoplehavenochoicebuttoparticipateinthelabormarket.00596# 英语阅读(二) 试题 第 2页 (共 14 页)

3.MostolderpeopleindevelopingcountriesA. receivea pension B. receive heath careC.havesteadyincome D. have no social protection4.WecanlearnfromParagraph5thathealthcareA.ensuresincomesecurityoftheelderlyB.providesprotectionfortheelderlyonlyC.isthemostimportantpartofsocialprotectionD.definesthefamily"sdutyofcaringfortheelderly5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Mostolderpeoplecantakecareofthemselves.B.Itisessentialthatsocialprotectionmeetnewrequirements.C.OlderpeoplehavebeenaheavyburdenforthewholesocietyD.Itisurgentforyoungerpeopletoprovidefinancefortheelderly.PassageTwoInlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetterorworse.What"ssadisthat even if it"s the latter, we often accept it anyway because we are soaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon"tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.Thisclassicexperiment will give you an idea of how it works and a sense ofwhetheryoumayhavefallen into the same trap: People are given a box of tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofind a way to attach a candle to a wall so that itburnsproperlyTypically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewallorlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,ofcourse,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.Thetacksaretooshort,andtheparaffin doesn"t bind to the wall. So how can you accomplish the task? Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxasacandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackitto the wall, and stand the candle inside it. To think of that, you have to lookbeyondthebox"susualroleasareceptaclejustfortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficultbecauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfrom functional fixedness. The inability to think in new ways affectspeopleineverycornerofsociety.The political theorist Hannah Arendt coined the phrase frozen thoughts todescribedeeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt"seyes,00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第 3页(共 14 页)

thecomplacentrelianceonsuchaccepted“truths”alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthatdidn"tfittheirworldview, even when there was ample evidence for them .Frozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid.“Itcanbefoundinhighlyntelligentpeople.”Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,andsheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative—initsabsence,asocietycouldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthatanyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneof the most effective ways is to introduce a little discord to one "sintellectualinteractions. What this all means is that, as difficult as it cansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewithyouisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracytheoriesandrunintosomeonewhobelievesthatwefakedthemoonlanding,don"twalkawayHaveteawithhimorher.Itcanbroadenyourthinkingincountlessways.Questions 6-10 are based on Passage Two.6.InParagraph1,bysaying“functionalfixedness”theauthormeansthatA.wealwaysfollowtheworsepathinlifeB.itis essential for us to lead a different kind of lifeC.itisdifficultforustoadapttosomethingdifferentD.weseldommakechangestothewaysthatthingsare7.TheexperimentinParagraph2tellsusthatA.theparaffincanattachthecandletothewallB.functionalfixednessleadstothefailureofsomesubjectsC.psychologistshopethatthesubjectssticktofunctionalfixednessD.tackingthecandletothewallistheonlywaytocompletethetask8.InParagraph2,theword“receptacle”meansA.container B. supportC.stand D. ornament9.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph3?A.Onecangetridoffrozenthinkingifheiswiseandrational.B.Weshouldbecapableofquestioningeveryideainourminds.C.SomeideasaresodeeplyheldinourmindsthatweneverquestionthemD.Criticalthinkingisquiteoftendevelopedamonghighlyintelligentpeople.00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第4页(共14 页)

10.Whatcanwedotounfreezeourthinking?A.Weshouldmakefriendswiththosewhoagreewithus.B.Weshouldwalkawayfrompeoplewhohateinteractions.C.WeshouldlistentodifferentideasinordertothinkcreativelyD.Weshouldhaveteawithsomeonewhobelievesinconspiracytheories.PassageThreeForexpatparents,passingontheirnativelanguagescanbeastruggle.Notsharingyourfirstlanguagewithlovedonesishard.Notpassingitontoyourownchildcanbeespeciallytough.Manyexpatandimmigrantparentsfeelasenseoffailure;theywringtheirhandsandsharestoriesonparentingforumsandsocialmedia,hopingtofindthesecrettonurturingbilingualchildrensuccessfullyChildrenarelinguisticsponges,butthisdoesn"tmeanthatcursoryexposureisenough.Theymusthearalanguagequiteabittounderstandit—anduseitoftento be able to speak it comfortably This is mental work, and a child who doesn"thave a motive to speak a language—either a need or a strong desire—will oftenavoidit.Children"sbrainsarealreadybusyenough.Solanguagesoftenwitheranddiewhenparentsmoveabroad.ConsiderAmerica.Theforeign-bornshareofthepopulationis13.7%,andhasneverbeenlowerthan4. 7% (in 1970) . And yet foreign language speakers don"t accumulate :todayjust25%ofthepopulationspeaksanotherlanguage.That"sbecause,typically, thefirstgeneration born in America is bilingual, and the second ismonolingual—inEnglish,thechildrenoftenstrugglingtospeakeasilywiththeirimmigrantgrandparents.Inthepast,governmentsdiscouragedimmigrantfamiliesfromkeepingtheirlanguages.Teddy Roosevelt worried that America would become a“polyglotboarding-house”.Thesedays,officialstendtobelessinterventionist;someevenseeavaluableresource in immigrants’language abilities. Yet many factorsconspiretoensurethatchildrenstilllosetheirparents"languages,orneverlearnthem.Abigone is institutional pressure. A child"s time spent with a secondlanguageistimenotspentontheirfirst.Soteachersoftendiscourageparentsfromspeakingtheirlanguagestotheirchildren.(Thisisespeciallytrueifthesecond00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第 5页(共14 页)

language lacks prestige.) Parents often reluctantly comply worried about theiroffspring"seducation.Thisisashame;childrenreallycanmastertwolanguagesor even more. Research does indeed suggest their vocabulary in each languagemaybesomewhatsmallerforawhile.Butotherstudieshintatcognitiveadvantagesamongbilinguals.Theymaybemoreadeptatcomplextasks,betteratmaintainingattention,and(attheotherendoflife)suffertheonsetofdementialaterLanguagesareanintimatepart of identity; it is wrenching to try and fail topassthemontoachild.Successmaybeaquestionofrememberingthattheyarenotjustanotherthingtobedrilledintoayoungmind,butamatteroftheheart.Questions1l-15 are based on Passage Three.11.ManyimmigratparentsfeelasenseoffailurebecauseA.theyarenotwellacceptedbytheirchildrenB.theyarenotexperiencedinbringingupchildrenC.itisillegaltopostinformationonparentingforumsD.itishardtopassontheirnativelanguagestochildren12.InParagraph2,bysaying“linguisticsponges”theauthormeansthatA.childrenaretoobusytolearnalanguageB.childrencanpickupalanguageveryquicklyC.childrenhavestrongdesiretospeakalanguageD.childrendon"thaveamotivetoacquirealanguage13.Theword“wither”inParagraph3meansA. to lose vigor B.to dry upC.to be indifferent D.to become energetic14.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistruebasedonParagraph4?A.SomeAmericanofficialscometorealizethevaluesofimmigrantlanguages.B.Immigrantparentsthinktheirnativelanguageshavenoworthinlabormarket.C.Childrenarereluctanttolearnimmigrantlanguagesbecausetheylackprestige.D.Americangovernmenthaspreventedimmigrantstousetheirnativelanguagesinpublic.00596# 英语阅读( 二)试题 第 6 页(共 14 页)

15. Passing on the native languages to immigrant children is important becauseA.bilingualsenjoycognitiveadvantagesB.languagecantieupparentsandchildrenC.languageidentifiesthesymbolofintimacyD.acquisitionofalanguageisbeneficialforhealthPassageFourRecentscandals show that limiting ad partners" access to your data isn"tenoughtoprotectit.FacebookInc.,whichturned15onFeb.4,spentthepastyearpepperingyouwithapologiasandpromisesaboutprotectingyourpersonaldatafromothers. The company wants you to know that it doesn"t sell your data toadvertisers, perse, andthatyoucanlimitdatasharingwith some other apps. It"sgoingtokeeppaying for pop- up kiosks and subway ads to reinforce that thethicketsofdatagrowinginitsgardennoware(imagine!)underyourcontrol.ButFacebookstillisn"t being transparent about the ways it collectsinformationonyou,andit"s quietly stepping up efforts to grab lots more. Thecompany"sknowledgegoesfarbeyondstatusupdates.IttrackspeopleacrosstheInternetonothercompanies"websitesandapps.ItusesIPaddressestotargetadstopeoplewhoturnedofflocation-basedtrackingontheirphones.It"sbeencaughtcollectingcall and text histories from users’Android devices. It"s stored facialdatafrompeoplewhoneveragreedtobiometricscans.Itwasjustcaughtmonitoringthephoneactivityofsomekidsasyoungas13.OnFeb.7, Germany"santitrustregulatorwasexpectedtoannouncetheresultsofathree-yearinvestigationintowhetherthecompanyhas illegally useditsmarketpowertocoercedatasharingconsent.NowonderFacebookwantstohaveadifferentdiscussionaboutprivacy.FromhisSenatetestimonylastyeartoaWallStreet Journal op-ed last month, Chief Executive Officer Mark ZuckerberghasstressedthatFacebookisn"tsellinguserdata.Inprivacyterms,thisisalargelysemanticdistinction.Facebookdoessellclientsyourattention,tailoring ads to what your online behavior suggests youmightlike. The less data the company shares—due to privacy concerns oranythingelse—themoreitcanchargeforexclusiveaccesstoits2.7billionglobalusers.00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第 7 页(共 14 页)

Europeis a step ahead: Under the General Data Protection Regulationenactedlastyear,Facebookhastomoreclearlydisclosewhatdatait"sgatheringandwhywhenrequestingthatusersclickOK.IrishauthoritiesalreadyhaveseveninvestigationsopenonFacebook"stactics.Ifthecompanysinviolation,itcouldbefinedamaximumof4percentofitsglobalrevenue.Ofcourse,it"sdifficulttoimagine any regulator conjuring a fine big enough to upend the data hungrybusinessmodelofacompany that made $2 1 .7 billion in profit last year. And aslongas Facebook is unwilling to limit its collection practices, we"ll all have littlechoiceinwhatweshare.Questions16-20 are based on Passage Four.16.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?A.Facebookadmittedsellingitsusers"datatoadvertisers.B.Facebookmadepromisestoprotectitsusers"personaldata.C.Facebookmadeanapologyforfailinginprotectingitsusers.D.Facebookwastrustworthybecauseitdidn"tdiscloseitsusers"data.17.AccordingtoParagraph2,FacebookA.updatesitsstatustokeepdatasafeB. collects its users"information secretlyC.trackspeoplein public in an illegal wayD.makesthepublicknowabouthowitcollectsdata18.Theword“coerce”inParagraph3meansA. to force B. to claimC. torequireD . to threat19.InParagraph4,bysaying“semanticdistinction”theauthormeansA. there are different interpretations for privacyB. Facebooktracesits users"online behaviorC.therearevariouswaystoaccessitsusers"dataD.Facebookensuresthesafetyofitsusers"information20.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.FacebookwillbeunderthecontrolofIrishauthorities.B.Facebook will be involved in a lawsuit because of its practicesC.Facebookwillpay4percentofitsglobalrevenueforpenalty.D.Facebookwillgothroughatoughtimeinthefollowingyears.00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第 8页(共14 页)

非选择题部 分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。I. Vocabulary (15 points, 1 point for each)Directions:Scanthefollowingpassageandfindthewordswhichhaveroughlythesamemeaningsasthosegivenbelow. Thenumberinthebracketsaftereachworddefinitionreferstothenumberofparagraphinwhichthetargetwordis.WritethewordyouchooseontheAnswerSheetNotchangefor change"s sake, but change to preserve America"s ideals— lifeliberty,and the pursuit of happiness. Though we march to the music of our time,ourmission is timeless.Each generation of Americans must define what it means to be an American.Onbehalf of our nation, I salute my predecessor, President Bush, for hishalf-centuryof service to America.AndIthankthe millions of men and women whose steadfastness andsacrificetriumphed over depression and fascism.Today,a generation raised in the shadows of the Cold War assumes newresponsibilitiesinaworld warmed by the sunshine of freedom but threatened stillbyancienthatredsandnewplagues.Raisedinunrivaledprosperity,we inherit an economy that is still the world "sstrongest, but is weakened by business failures, stagnant wages, increasinginequality, anddeeppisionsamongourpeople.WhenGeorge Washington first took the oath I have just sworn to uphold,newstraveledslowlyacrosstheland by horseback and across the ocean by boatNow, the sights and sounds of this ceremony are broadcast instantaneously to billionsaround the world.Communicationsandcommerceareglobal; investment is mobile; technologyisalmostmagical; and ambition for a better life is now universal. We earn ourlivelihoodinpeacefulcompetitionwithpeopleallacrosstheearth.ProfoundandThisnewworldhasalreadyenriched the lives of millions of Americans whoareabletocompeteandwininit.Butwhenmostpeopleareworkingharderforless; whenotherscannotwork at all; when the cost of health care devastatesfamiliesandthreatenstobankruptmany of our enterprises, great and small; whenfearof crime robs law-abiding citizens of their freedom; and when millions ofpoorchildrencannotevenimaginetheliveswearecallingthemtolead—wehavenotmadechangeourfriend.00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第 9页(共 14 页)

Wekowwehave to face hard truths and take strong steps. But we have notdoneso. Instead,we have drifted, and that drifting has eroded our resources,fracturedoureconomy,andshakenourconfidence.Thoughourchallengesarefearsome,soareourstrengths.AndAmericanshaveeverbeenarestless,questing,hopefulpeople.Wemustbringtoourtasktodaythevisionandwillofthosewhocamebeforeus.21.theideasofsomethingthatisperfect(Para.1)22.onewhoheldanofficialpositionbeforeyou(Para.3)23.gainedcompletesuccessorvictory(Para.4)24.veryold(Para.5)25.aneconomicstateofgrowthwithrisingprofits(Para.6)26. not growingor developing (Para. 6)27.standupfor(Para.7)28.immediately(Para.7)29.ofworldwidescopeorapplicability(Para.8)30.engageinacontest(Para.9)31.haveinsufficientassetstocoverthedebts(Para.9)32.movedaboutaimlessly(Para.10)33.brokeintopieces(Para.10)34.searchingfor(Para.11)35.avividmentalimage(Para.11)III. Summarization. (20points, 2 points for each)Directions: Inthis section of the test, there are ten paragraphs. Each of theparagraphsisfollowedbyan incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizesthemainidea ofthe paragraph. Spell out the missing letters of the word on yourAnswerSheet.ParagraphOneIn1897,eight-year-oldVirginiawroteashort,inquisitivelettertotheeditorofNewYork"snewspaper,TheSun,inwhichshesoughtconfirmationofSantaClaus"sexistence.Thepaper"seditor,FrancisP.Church,soonrepliedtoVirginia"sletterbywayof an editori al, titled“Is There a Santa Claus?”, which in factremainstothisday,themostreprintedEnglish-languageeditorialinhistory.36.AlettertoiabouttheexistenceofSantaClaus.00596# 英语阅读(二 ) 试题 第 10 页(共 14 页)

Paragra ph TwoFareSharehasbeenrunningasanindependentcharitysince2004.Itcollectsfoodfromsupermarkets,cafe chains, bakeries and other retailers that wouldotherwisebethrownawayanddistributesitto2,020charitiesacrossthecountry.Lastyearitredistributed7,360tonsoffood,providing15.3mmealsandsavingtheBritishvoluntarysectoranestimatedf19m.37. FareShare"s fi ghtingagainst food wParagraphThreeOnewayto get people to produce less garbage is to charge them for itSo- called pay- as- you-throw programs—in which municipalitiesbillresidentsfortheirgarbage—have been around for decades but are becoming more widespread.Andthey work. Now that (people) are aware that trash has a cost, they beginlookingforalternativestoputtingthingsinatrashcan.38. Putting a p_ on trash.Paragraph FourDronesarebeingusedbytech-savvyfarmerstomonitorandspraycrops,byresearchers to measure environmental pollution and by Hollywood studios tocaptureaction-packedfootageforblockbustermovies. Dronesareevensavinglives,asfirstresponderstocoordinateoperationsandsearchformissinghikers.Andofcourse,dronesarebeingflownbyhundredsofthousandsofamateurs39.Dronesareusedinavarietyoff_ParagraphFiveItstandstoreasonthatcountrieswithlargerpopulationsmightenjoylong-runeconomicadvantages.Peoplearetherawmaterialofeconomicgrowth,afterall.The more there are, the greater the likelihood that one becomes aGutenbergor a Watt. In a world without much international trade, populouscountriesofferthelargestmarkets,andcomparativelymoreopportunitytoboosteconomicoutputthroughspecializationandtrade.40.Population is ad factor of economic growth.ParagraphSixOnpaper,itlooksasifSanFranciscoshouldn"thaveahomelessnessproblem.Thereareasmanypermanenthousingbedsaspeoplewhoneedthem.ThecityspendshundredsofmillionsofdollarstohelpgetpeopleoffthestreetsYet there are about 7,500 homeless in the city because of soaring rents and thedifficultyoftreatingsubstanceabuse,mentalillness,andotherhealthconcerns.41.HomelessnessproblemeinSanFrancisco.00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第 11页(共14 页)

ParagraphSevenWhenOttessa Moshfegh published her debut novel,“Eileen, ”last August,shedidsowithout an online publicity apparatus. Vanity Fair noted that Ms.Moshfegh,34,wasananomalybecauseshehadneithersocialmediaprofilesnorawebsite.Therewasn"t much personal information floating around about her,either.Ms. Moshfeghhad made herself (apart from her work) somewhatun-Googleable.42.OttessaMoshfeghdoesn"treleaseheriintothedigitalworld.ParagraphEightThemanydifferentthingsalanguagecanandmustdoarethesubjectofAreSomeLanguagesBetter than Others?, a book from 2016 by R.M.W. Dixon ofJamesCookUniversity in Australia. Mr. Dixon dispels old colonialist prejudicesthatEuropeanlanguagesaresophisticatedandindigenousonesprimitive.Indeed,manyofthemostnuanceddiscriminationsarerequirednotbyFrenchorGermanbutamongisolatedtraditionalcommunities.43.Abookaboutwhethersomelanguagesarestoothers.ParagraphNineIwonderwhatlifewill be left for me in China in the future . I"ve long nursedvagueplansofmovingback to China to live for a few years, to get to know itbetterandsolidifymy place there. But with each year that passes in the U.S. ,suchamovegetsharderandhardertomake.44.ThehofaChineseemigranttotheU.S.ParagraphTenAcademiceconomicsrecruitstoofewwomen. Also, manyof those who doworkintheprofessionsaytheyaretreatedunfairlyandthattheirtalentsarenotfullyrealized.As a result, economics has fewer good ideas than it should andsuffersfromaskewedviewpoint.Itistimeforthedismalsciencetoimproveitsdismalrecordongender.45.Thep_againstwomeninworkplace.00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第12 页(共 14 页)

IVTranslation.(25 points, 4 pointseachfor46-50, 5 pointsfor51)Directions: In the following passage, there are six groups of underlinedsentences. Readthe passage carefully and translate these sentences intoChineseWritetheChineseversionon your Answer SheetAlthoughtheactualextent of computer crime is diffcult to measure, mostexpertsagreethatit is one of the fastest growing areas of illegal activity. Theprincipalreasonforboththegrowthandthelackofaccuratemeasurementisthedifficulty in detecting a well-executed theft. Losses per incident thus tend to behigherthaninothertypesoftheft.46.Oncethecomputercriminalhascompromisedthesystem,itisjustaseasytostealagreatsumasitistostealalittle,andtocontinuestealinglongaftertheinitialtheft.Indeed,thecomputercriminalmayfinditmoredifficulttostophisillicitactivitythantostartit.47.Computercriminalsare,forthemostpart,well-educatedandhighlyintelligent,andhavetheanalyticalskillsthatmakethemvaluedemployees.Thefactthatcomputercriminalsdonotfitcriminalstereotypeshelpsthemtoobtainthepositionstheyrequiretocarryoutcrimes.Beingintelligent,theyhavefertileimaginations, and the variety of ways in which they use equipment to theiradvantage is constantly being extended . In addition to direct theft of funds, thetheftofdata(“program-napping”)forcorporateespionageorextortionisbecomingwidespread,andcanobviouslyhaveasubstantialeffectonacompany"sfinances.48.Anotherlucrativescheme,oftendifficulttodetect,involvesaccumulatingfractionsofpencefrominpidualpayrollaccounts,withelectronictransferoftheaccumulatedamounttothecriminal"spayroll.Employersarehardlyconcernedwithpence,muchlessfractionsofpence.Inaddition,ofcourse,thecompany"stotalpayrollisunaffected.Guardingagainstcomputerabuse—whether deliberate or accidental —involvesattentiontothefollowingareas:(1)Protectionofhardwarefromphysicaldamage;(2)Protectionofsoftwareanddata.49.Theprotectionofhardwarefromaccidentalorintentionaldamageisafunctionoftheenvironmentinwhichtheequipmentiskept.Thecomputermustbeisolatedfromothercompanyfacilities,andaccessshouldbestrictlycontrolled.Nounauthorizedpersonshouldeverbeadmittedtothecomputerarea. Manyinsurancecompanies and security firms offer free evaluation of the physicalprotectionofcomputerinstallations.00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第13页( 共14 页)

The protection of software is a more difficult problem . 50. Some risks arereducedbycontrollingphysicalaccessbyunauthorizedpersonnel,butmostdamagetosoftware,accidentalandintentional,iscausedbythosewhosejobsrequireatleastsomeaccesstothecomputer.Thewriteroftheprogramisoftenthe one responsible for its misuse. Programs devised exclusively for a particularcompanyaretherefore far more vulnerable to abuse and accident than standardsoftwarepackagesproduced by external suppliers.Aunique program is both difficult and expensive to replace. Accidentalerasure, sabotage,or physical removal of a single disk or tape could mean that awhole system has to be rebuilt, followed by a lengthy testing process. 51.The creatorsofacustom-madeprogramarealmostalwayscompanyemployees,whomayormaynothaveavestedinterestintheprogram"sfunction.Moreover,theycanaltertheprogramatwill,andthereislittlemanagementthatonecandotomakesurethatalterationsinauniqueprogramarealwayslegitimate.